资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
元正启新话“岁朝”******
赵文成
“元正启令节,嘉庆肇自兹。”这是晋代诗人辛萧咏年的诗句。元正亦称“元旦”,是每年的第一天。一年节令时序开启,美好喜庆的日子从这一天开始到来。因之,普天同庆,天下齐欢。
元正,又称一岁之朝。人们为了庆贺这个岁首之朝,往往或歌以诗,或绘以画等,采取多样的形式表现出对新年的期盼与欢愉。“岁朝图”应运而生。《汉书•孔光传》云:“岁之朝,曰三朝”。颜师古注:“年之朝,月之朝,日之朝,故曰三朝。”从我国魏晋南北朝时期,春节便被称为“岁朝”。“岁朝图”(或称“岁时清供图”)或已产生。它通常以静物为素材,配以贺岁的诗词,通过画中物品名称的谐音、民俗寓意或历史掌故,以祈求新年好运,春意盎然,让奔劳一年的人们,感到亲切温暖、欢慰欣悦。
据有关文献载,“岁朝图”始于唐代,至两宋,在宫廷中正式兴起。历史上著名的艺术家皇帝宋徽宗赵佶,每逢春节将临,便命画院的丹青妙手描绘冬季不能见到的花卉禽鸟,陈列在宫中以增添岁朝的喜庆气氛。真正意义上的第一幅“岁朝图”应是北宋赵昌所作的《岁朝图》,该图现藏于台北故宫博物院。统而观之,此图画面巨大,花团锦簇,铺天盖地、不留边隙地铺排,使之显得典丽浓郁,灿若云锦。适逢花开,恰瞻新岁,细审此图,画心一座空灵通透的湖石,右傍一石亭亭如笋,四周或以雅洁的梅花、红艳的山茶、清雅的水仙和美艳的长春花为素材,以朱砂、白粉、胭脂、石绿为基调,广施铺陈,巧饰取舍,从而使此图繁而不乱,色彩和谐美艳。这种铺排有序的安排,让画面展现出如蛰伏在四九寒天里的勃勃生机,透露着春天的讯息。这种意境富于清逸之诗趣,醇厚而有余韵,正是这幅画作流传千载而令人回味的审美所在。
画家赵昌以擅绘闻名,他长于写生,擅画花果,多作折枝花、兼工草虫,注重对景写生。宋人范镇《东斋记事》:赵昌“每晨露下时,绕栏槛谛玩,手中调色彩写之”。又自号“写生赵昌”。
由此可见,从宋元始“岁朝图”就已是岁末年初文人雅士应景的题材,从宫廷到民间莫不如此。其后,诸如明宪宗朱见深的《岁朝佳兆图》以及民间或以“钟道迎福”“百(柏)事(柿)如意”之类为题材的吉祥寓意图等,无不如此。同朝传诸后世的还有仇英的《岁朝图》。陈洪绶的《清供图》瓶中插梅,花绽新蕊,玉兰轻舒,素雅中带着清冷,虽佐以山茶吐丹,仍是“几点寒英,用尽东风力”,给人以新岁明艳清新之感。其后的任伯年、蒋廷锡、吴昌硕等无不喜作《岁朝图》。
在民间,“岁朝图”同样以年画的形式出现在百姓的新年庆典中。最具代表性的是清代乾隆年间以苏州桃花坞画家蔡卫源绘制的《岁朝图》为粉本,木版刻印的“姑苏版”年画《岁朝图》。这是一幅承前启后、能够反映清朝中期画院画风的年画作品之一,描绘的是一处高门大第的庭院,亭台、楼阁、水榭以及新年清晨人们欢娱的活动场景;远景是披雪的山脉,近景是爆竹点火的孩童与折梅的仕女。全图是以西湖孤山附近的行宫为背景而创作的。关于画家蔡卫源,传不详,仅在该作品中记有其名。此画在构图上受到南宋和明代院体画的影响,画面中树石、仕女、童子吸取了宋元以来花鸟人物的传统;同时,又受到西洋“泰西画法”的影响,采用了焦点透视和固有的中国散点透视相结合来表现建筑,其比例大体相称,层次丰富,纵深感强。这两种表现形式结合起来,既典雅工细,又不拘泥于传统的视角。画面上的诗文题跋,写出了春节的热闹祥和:“梅雪争春斗渐开,炮声催转岁朝来。红炉围座麟儿嬉,老翁携杖步琼台。”
醇厚的节令民俗审美,令人心驰神往。“岁朝图”的题材,正是元正节令的一种审美注脚。从“岁朝图”的绘画题材看,大概可以分为三类:一为花鸟奇石,一为人物图绘,另有岁时年景。其花鸟奇石类,常以瓶花为核心,点缀些许器物、仙花、瑞草、嘉果、奇石、文字吉语、古砖文玩等。这些花草果蔬,无不有着吉祥如意的含义。梅花象征着报喜,牡丹寓意富贵,瓶中荔枝意味着平安吉利,祥和欢喜。人物图绘类则是借助于神祇,悬挂钟馗、祖先等,祈祀驱邪降福。岁时年景类则主要描绘人们新年的欢乐场景。
关于“岁朝图”岁首之庆,今人汪曾祺曾有评说。他在一篇散文中写道:“曾见一幅旧画:一间茅屋,一个老者手捧一个瓦罐,内插梅花一枝,正要放到桌案,画上题曰:‘山家除夕无它事,插了梅花便过年。’这才是真正的‘岁朝清供’。”
画作的背后,体现的是中国人独特的审美品位。唯有尊重自然,顺应规律,回归质朴,才能撷取大自然最美的春意。岁朝清供,其灵魂就在一个“清”字。
传统的节日风俗,包含着人们对生命的自我关爱,为生命的延续赋予了诸多新意。闲话“岁朝清供”,为历史存照,为文化拂尘,为中华传统文化扬辉,无疑是一件令人心旷神怡之乐事,我们身在其中,乐其乐哉!
(作者系中国艺术研究院副研究员)
(《人民日报海外版 》2023年01月19日 第 12 版)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)